Fig. 1

Selection of nine wild North American Vitis species. a-i Pictures from a representative leaf (left) and flower (right) of V. acerifolia (a), V. aestivalis (b), V. arizonica (c), V. berlandieri (d), V. girdiana (e), V. monticola (f), V. mustangensis (g), V. riparia (h), and V. rupestris (i), respectively. j Principal component analysis results on SNP data derived from samples of natural populations (n = 90) aligned on Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon. Colors divide the Vitis genus into six groups. The accessions selected for assembly are represented by black-colored points. k Phylogenetic relationships among the selected species. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 2338 single-copy gene orthogroups and the branches represent divergence times in million years. Muscadinia rotundifolia was used as an outgroup to root the tree. Positive and negative numbers indicated on the branches represent expansions and contractions, respectively, among the 450 rapidly evolving orthogroups as determined by gene family evolution analysis