Table 1 Differentially expressed genes with greatest absolute log fold changes
| Â | Â | P value | Adjusted P value | Log fold change | DCM associated | TBX20 target | CMP associated | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene symbol | Description | |||||||
NPPA | Natriuretic peptide A | 5.61E-09 | 2.38E-08 | 0.58 | Yes | No | Yes | Natriuretic factor A and B are used as markers of heart failure progression. Natriuretic factor implicated in development and marker of heart failure, also target of T-box factors [27,28,29,30] |
NPPB | Natriuretic peptide B | 1.79E-06 | 5.57E-06 | 0.57 | Yes | Yes | Yes | See NPPA |
TBX20 | T-box 20 | 2.87E-25 | 3.01E-23 | 0.49 | Yes | No | Yes | TBOX20 has been associated with the pathophysiology of DCM in both animal models and human tissue [82] Furthermore, mutations in TBX20 are associated with familial DCM [83, 84] |
MYLK3 | Myosin light chain kinase 3 | 1.07E-21 | 3.15E-20 | 0.42 | Yes | No | Yes | Associated with stress adaptation and progression to heart failure [85,86,87] |
CLIC5 | Chloride intracellular channel 5 | 2.88E-26 | 5.40E-24 | 0.38 | No | No | No | CLIC5 is a member of the family of intracellular Ca2+ channels, associated with the actin cytoskeletal system. Thus far no link with DCM has been described |
TRIM44 | Tripartite motif containing 44 | 4.51E-28 | 3.73E-25 | 0.38 | No | No | No | Thus far no link with DCM has been described |
MAVS | Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein | 5.05E-25 | 4.67E-23 | 0.36 | No | No | No | Thus far no link with DCM has been described |
NPR3 | Natriuretic peptide receptor 3 | 3.68E-23 | 1.68E-21 | 0.36 | No | No | Yes | NPR3 is the receptor for natriuretic peptides in the heart; it is therefore a candidate for studies into the modulation of NPs in (DCM-related) heart failure [88]. |
SMCR8 | Smith-Magenis syndrome chromosome region, candidate 8 | 3.66E-28 | 3.46E-25 | 0.34 | No | No | No | Thus far no link with DCM or the heart has been described |
JAK2 | Janus kinase 2 | 2.45E-22 | 8.67E-21 | 0.32 | No | Yes | Yes | JAK2/STAT3 signaling is, amongst other processes, involved myocardial infarction/reperfusion injury, and hypertrophic remodeling in mice. Thus far no direct link with DCM has been described [89] |
TUBA3D | Tubulin alpha 3d | 1.66E-08 | 6.63E-08 | -0.26 | No | No | No | Thus far no link with DCM or the heart has been described |
GADD45B | Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible beta | 1.43E-08 | 5.75E-08 | -0.27 | No | No | Yes | Changes in expression of GADD45B are observed in MI induced HF [90] |
DLK1 | Delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 | 9.83E-09 | 4.03E-08 | -0.28 | No | No | No | Thus far no link with DCM or the heart has been described |
TUBA3E | Tubulin alpha 3e | 1.17E-10 | 6.04E-10 | -0.30 | No | No | No | Thus far no link with DCM or the heart has been described |
GADD45G | Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gamma | 2.87E-11 | 1.58E-10 | -0.31 | No | Yes | Yes | Gadd45g overexpression promotes heart failure and cardiac remodeling after MI; while knockout mice are resistant to heart failure [91] |
RASD1 | Ras related dexamethasone induced 1 | 3.32E-07 | 1.14E-06 | -0.32 | No | No | No | RASD1 may be involved in the cardiac release of ANF and BNP upon atrial volume overload in rats [92]. The RASD1 locus is associated with coronary artery disease in human GWAS [93] |
MYL7 | Myosin light chain 7 | 8.29E-10 | 3.89E-09 | -0.33 | No | No | No | Thus far no link with DCM has been described |
FOS | Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit | 5.58E-08 | 2.09E-07 | -0.33 | No | Yes | Yes | c-FOS is used as a marker of heart failure [94] |
MYH6 | Myosin heavy chain 6 | 2.12E-09 | 9.50E-09 | -0.34 | Yes | Yes | Yes | MYH6 mutations are associated with familial DCM [95] |
DHRS7C | Dehydrogenase/reductase 7C | 3.31E-09 | 1.45E-08 | -0.39 | No | No | Yes | Decrease of DHRS7C is observed in mouse models of heart failure and in human cardiac tissue of heart failure patients [96, 97] |