Table 1 Co-morbidities of autism spectrum disorders

Multisystem disorders (congenital anomalies, auditory disorders,

Asthma

Becker, 2007 [100];

infections, gastro-intestinal disorders, cardiac disorders etc.)

Doshi-Velez, Ge,

and Kohane, 2014 [25]

Bacterial and viral infections

Atladóttir et al., 2010 [78];

Atladóttir et al., 2012 [79];

Garbett et al., 2012 [63];

Hagberg, Gressens,

and Mallard, 2012 [101]

Chronic kidney disease

Curatolo et al., 2004 [102];

Loirat et al., 2010 [103]

Cerebral palsy

Surén et al., 2012 [104];

Doshi-Velez, Ge,

and Kohane, 2014 [25]

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Witchel, Hancox,

and Nutt, 2003 [105];

Bilder et al., 2013 [106]

Ear infection/otitis media

Konstantareas and

Homatidis, 1987 [107];

Rosenhall et al., 1999 [108];

Porges et al., 2013 [109]

Inflammatory bowel disease

Horvath et al., 1999 [28];

(Crohn’s disease, ulcerative

Horvath and Perman, 2002 [29];

colitis)

Walker et al., 2013 [110]

Muscular dystrophy

Wu et al., 2005 [31];

Hendriksen and Vles, 2008 [32];

Hinton et al., 2009 [33];

Kohane et al., 2012 [24]

Upper respiratory infection

Shavelle, Strauss,

and Pickett, 2001 [111];

Porges et al., 2013 [109];

Bilder et al., 2013 [106]

Seizures

Epilepsy

Mouridsen et al., 1999 [26];

Tuchman and Rapin, 2002 [27];

Surén et al., 2012 [104];

Bilder et al., 2013 [106]

Psychiatric disorders

Schizophrenia

Morgan, Roy,

and Chance, 2003 [34];

Tabarés-Seisdedos

and Rubenstein, 2009 [112];

Ingason et al., 2011 [113];

Smoller et al., 2013 [14];

Murdoch and State, 2013 [114]