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Table 5 Overview of the stepwise Mendelian randomization approach

From: Blood lipids influence DNA methylation in circulating cells

  

b

c

d

e

TG

cg14476101

✗

   
 

cg19693031

✓

✓

✓

✗

 

cg07504977

✓

✓

✓

✗

 

cg11376147

✗

   
 

cg00574958

✓

✓

✓

✓

 

cg17058475

✓

✓

✓

✓

 

cg12556569

✓

✗

  
 

cg15863539

✗

   
 

cg20544516

✗

   
 

cg11024682

✓

✓

✓

✓

 

cg08857797

✗

   
 

cg03636183

✗

   
 

cg02711608

✗

   
 

cg27243685

✓

✓

✓

✓1

 

cg01881899

✓

✓

✓

✗

 

cg06500161

✓

✓

✓

✓1

 

cg06690548

✗

   
 

cg05575921

✗

   
 

cg14817490

✗

   
 

cg06560379

✗

   
 

cg19589396

✗

   

LDL-C

cg27168858

✓

✓

✓

✓

 

cg00908766

✓

✗

  
 

cg05119988

✗

   

HDL-C

cg17901584

✗

   
 

cg26313301

✗

   
 

cg27243685

✓

✓

✓

✓2

 

cg06500161

✓

✓

✓

✓2

  1. Starting from associations between lipid levels and DNA methylation, a causal and unconfounded effect of lipid levels on DNA methylation was estimated (b), a direct effect of genetic variants on DNA methylation was excluded (c), reverse causation was excluded (d) and pleiotropy was excluded (e)
  2. A tick indicates a CpG passed step; a cross indicates a CpG failed step
  3. 1Egger regression only
  4. 2Multivariable MR only