From: Transposable elements in the mammalian embryo: pioneers surviving through stealth and service
Findings | Reference(s) |
---|---|
Binding of pluripotency TFs in ESCs and iPSCs within or near LTRs or specific LTR-driven lncRNAs | |
Induction of HERV-H, or LTR7-driven lncRNA/chimeric RNA expression, in ESCs, declining upon differentiation | |
Active chromatin marks on specific LTRs in ESCs or iPSCs | |
DNA hypomethylation at specific LTRs in ESCs | |
LTR enhancer activity in ESCs | [27] |
Changes in HERV-H associated with expression changes of genes near LTRs | |
Induction of HERV-H in iPSCs, declining upon differentiation | |
Differentiation-defective iPSC clones retain high levels of HERV-H RNA | [46] |
Knockdown of general HERV-H expression inhibits iPSC formation and causes ESC differentiation | |
Knockdown of specific LTR-driven RNAs inhibits iPSC formation or causes ESC differentiation | |
LTR-driven lncRNA acts as miRNA sponge to positively regulate pluripotency TFs | [45] |
HERV-H RNA associates with coactivators and LTR loci in ESCs | [27] |
HERV-H expression marks for naïve-like stem cells | [28] |
HERV-H LTR subtypes expressed sequentially in early development |