Figure 1

Diagram of the classical insect immune responses to parasites: Toll, IMD/JNK, JAK/STAT pathways and the melanization and antiviral RNA interference responses. Colors of the genes indicate evidence of selection as detected by either positive selection (across the four taxa phylogeny, on the branch between Bombus and Apis, the branch leading to Bombus, Apis, or Megachile) in red, or differences in selection between Bombus and Apis (yellow), or between the social and solitary clades (blue). More complete information about selection on these genes can be found in Additional files 8, 9, 10 and 11. *PGRP-LF is only found in B. impatiens. **PGRP-SC2 is not among the automated predictions for B. terrestris, although sequence in the trace archive suggests that it is present. We also detect expression of PGRP-SC2 in B. terrestris. AMP, anti-microbial peptide.