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Table 1 Classification and localization of AAA+ proteins

From: The AAA+ superfamily of functionally diverse proteins

Classification

Cellular localization and evolutionary distribution

  

Group

Clade

Family

Localization

Distribution*

General function

References

Extended AAA

Classical AAA

FtsH

Chloroplast, mitochondria and bacterial membrane

E/B

Protein unfolding and degradation

[36]

  

Katanin

Cytosol

E

Microtubule severing and disassembly

[37]

  

NSF/CDC48

Cytosol

E/A

Membrane fusion/ubiquitin system

[38,39]

  

Pex1/6

Peroxisome

E

Peroxisome biogenesis

[40]

  

Bcs1p

Mitochondria

E

Cytochrome bc1 assembly

[41]

  

PAAA

Cytosol/nucleus

E/A

Proteasome-associated protein unfolding and degradation

[42]

 

Other

Rubisco activase

Chloroplast

E

Activation of Rubisco

[43]

  

Rvb

Cytosol and nucleus

E/A

Diverse (for example, DNA recombination/repair, transcription, snoRNP assembly)

[44]

  

ClpAB-D1

Cytosol, mitochondria and chloroplast

E/A/B

Protease-associated protein unfolding and degradation/protein disaggregation

[18]

  

SpoVK

Cytosol

B

Unknown (sporulation associated)

[45]

  

Ycf2

Chloroplast

E

Unknown

[46]

  

AFG1

Mitochondria

E/B

Unknown

[47]

  

Viral helicase

Virus

Viruses

DNA recombination and repair

[6]

HEC

Clamp loader

HolB/DnaX

Cytosol

B

DNA replication and repair

[48]

  

RFC

Nucleus

E/A

DNA replication and repair

[48]

  

WHIP

Cytosol and nucleus

E/B

DNA replication and repair

[49]

 

Initiation

DnaA/C

Cytosol

B

DNA replication

[50]

  

ORC/Cdc6

Cytosol and nucleus

E/A

DNA replication

[51]

 

Other

RuvB

Cytosol

B

DNA recombination

[52]

  

IstB

Cytosol

B

DNA transposition

[53]

  

HolA

Cytosol

B

DNA replication and repair

[48]

PACTT

HCL

HslU/ClpX

Cytosol and mitochondria

E/B

Protease-associated protein unfolding and degradation

[18]

  

ClpAB-D2/Torsin

Cytosol, mitochondria, ER and chloroplast

E/A/B

Protease-associated protein unfolding and degradation/protein disaggregation/ER complex assembly

[54]

  

LonA

Cytosol and mitochondria

E/B

Protein unfolding and degradation

[55]

 

Helix 2 insert

MCM

Cytosol and nucleus

E/A

DNA replication (helicase activity)

[56]

  

McrB/Unc-53

Cytosol and nucleus

E/A/B

DNA restriction/unknown

[57]

  

Midasin

Nucleus

E

Maturation and nuclear export of ribosomes

[58]

  

MoxR

Cytosol

A/B

Protein complex assembly

[59]

  

Chelatase

Cytosol and chloroplast

E/A/B

Metal insertion

[24]

  

σ54 Activator

Cytosol

B

Transcriptional activation

[60]

  

YifB

Cytosol

B

Unknown

[1]

  

ComM

Cytosol

B

Unknown

[61]

 

Other

Dynein heavy chain

Cytosol

E

Molecular transport and cilia/flagellar movement

[29]

  

LonB

Membrane

A

Protein unfolding and degradation

[55]

ExeA

  

Cytosol

B

Type II secretion

[62]

STAND

  

Varied

E/A/B

Varied

[63]

  1. *A, B and E refer to archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes, respectively.